The Best AP Chemistry Review Guide 2017

The Best AP Chemistry Review Guide 2017 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Not sure how to begin studying for the AP Chemistry exam? This review guide will help you figure out what's on the test and how you can ace it. I'll go over the exam structure, provide sample questions in each format, list the concepts you can expect to see on the test, and give you some tips on how to get the most out of your studying. I just looked into my PrepScholar Crystal Ballâ„ ¢ and saw a 5 in your future, so get ready to kick this test's butt. What’s the Format of the AP Chemistry Exam? The AP Chemistry exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and has two sections:multiple-choice (90 minutes long) and free-response (105 minutes long).There are 60 multiple-choice questions andseven free-response questions. The free-response section contains three long response (worth 10 points each) and four short response (worth four points each) questions.You're allowed to use a calculator on the free response section, but you can't use one for multiple-choice. Time management is important on the AP Chemistry exam because you can easily get caught up in difficult problems.Try not to spend more than a minute on each multiple-choice question during your first pass through the section so that you don’t miss any questions at the end that you could have answered.You’ll have time to go back and revisit the ones you skipped if you pace yourself.For the free-response questions, you should limit your time to around 5-10 minutes for short response questions and 15-20 minutes for long response questions. What Do AP Chemistry Questions Look Like? The following are examples of official AP Chemistry questions in multiple-choice, short response, and long response format.I’ll go over the answers in detail to give you a sense of the types of problems you’ll face on the test and how you might solve them. Multiple-Choice Sample Question Multiple-choice AP Chemistry questions are often chunked together. In other words, several questions will pertain to a single experiment or dataset.Here’s an example: In this case, you’re asked why a certain outcome resulted from an experiment.You need to know why the pressure in the container would increase based on the changes that occurred.A and B suggest that the increase in pressure has to do with intermolecular attractions either decreasing or increasing in the flask.These choices are incorrect because the intermolecular attractions between these molecules wouldn’t be significant enough to make a difference in the pressure of the container. For Choice C, the first part is correct: the number of molecules has increased with the decomposition of PCl5.It also makes sense that this would result in a higher frequency of collisions with the walls of the container.This answer is looking pretty good. Choice D is wrong because there’s no reason to expect that the molecules have increased in speed inside the container during the reaction. Since we ruled out all the other options, Choice C is the correct answer! Short Response Sample Question For part A, you needed to draw out the interactions between the ions and water molecules in the solution.Three points were awarded for: A representation of at least one Li+ ion and one Cl- ion clearly separated and labeled correctly Each ion surrounded by at least two water molecules Water molecules must be oriented correctly (oxygen end is closer to the lithium ion, and hydrogen end is closer to the chloride ion) Part b was worth one point for identifying the chemical species and providing justification.The species produced at the cathode would be H2(g) and OH-(aq) (you could say either one of these for the point).The hydrogen atoms in water are reduced to H2 at the cathode because this reaction has a lower magnitude reduction potential than that of the reduction of lithium ions to Li (-0.83 vs. -3.05). Long Response Sample Question Here’s an example of a long free-response question from the 2015 exam: This question expects a lot from you. There’s stoichiometry, chemical bonds, intermolecular forces, Lewis diagrams, and thermodynamics!It’s testing whether you can apply a bunch of disparate skills that you’ve learned throughout the year to the scenario presented on the test. Let’s look at part a: For part i of part a, we need to calculate the number of moles of ethene that are produced in the experiment and measured in the gas collection tube. The first step is to calculate the pressure of the ethene so that we can use the ideal gas law to figure out the number of moles of gas produced.We can find the pressure of the water by using the given figure for water’s vapor pressure at 305 K: 35.7 torr.Since 1 atm = 760 torr, we can convert the vapor pressure to atm like so: 35.7 torr x (1 atm/760 torr) = 0.047 atm Then, we can find the vapor pressure of the ethene by subtracting that number from the total vapor pressure of the gas produced: 0.822 atm (total vapor pressure) - 0.047 atm (water’s vapor pressure) = 0.775 atm (ethene’s vapor pressure) Finally, we can use the ideal gas law to figure out how many moles of ethene were produced: PV = nRTn = PV/RTn = (0.775 atm)(0.0854 L)/(0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1)(305 K)n = 0.00264 moles of ethene produced Ok, now let’s move onto part ii of part a. How many moles of ethene would be produced if the dehydration reaction went to completion?To solve this problem, we need to reference the total amount of ethanol originally put into the tube, 0.2 grams, as well as the molar mass of ethanol.Using these numbers, we can see how many moles of ethanol were put into the tube: 0.2 grams ethanol x (1 mole ethanol / 46.1 grams) = 0.00434 moles of ethanol Ok, that’s the number of moles of ethanol that were put in, but we’re trying to find the number of moles of ethene that would result if the reaction went to completion.Since both molecules have coefficients of 1 in the equation, they exist in a one to one mole ratio.This means that the answer is 0.00434 moles of ethene. Now for part b! The percent yield of ethene in the experiment is pretty easy to find based on our answers to part a.We know that the amount of ethene that was actually produced was 0.00264 moles.The amount that would have been produced if the reaction went to completion was 0.00434 moles. To find the percent yield, we can just divide 0.00264 by 0.00434 and multiply the answer by 100: 0.00264 mol / 0.00434 mol x 100 = 60.8 percent yield In part c, you are asked to agree or disagree with the student's claim that the reaction at 298 K has an equilibrium constant of less than 1 and provide justification in the form of calculations forââ€" ³G °298.According to the formula sheet: ââ€" ³G ° = ââ€" ³H ° - Tââ€" ³S °Ã¢â€" ³G ° = 45.5 kJ/mol - (298 K)(0.126 kJ/ K*mol)ââ€" ³G ° = 8.0 kJ/mol Referencing our formulas again, the equilibrium constant, Kp, is equal to e(-ââ€" ³G °/RT).Since we found that ââ€" ³G ° was greater than 0, Kp has to be e raised to some negative number, resulting in a solution equal to a number less than 1.The student is correct that Kp must be less than 1 at 298 K. Part d asks you to complete a Lewis electron-dot diagram.Your answer would look like this: The diagram should include all the bonding pairs, plus two non-bonding pairs on the O atom. In part e, you're asked to determine the C-O-H bond angle.This molecule is tetrahedral around the oxygen atom.That means that the bond angle is approximately 109.5 degrees.On this question, you got a point for any answer between 100 and 115 degrees.Technically, the bond angle would be a little smaller because of the two unbonded electron pairs on the oxygen atom.For visual reference: In part f, you have to explain why ethene was collected as a gas after the experiment and ethanol was not.This happened because ethene isn’t as soluble as ethanol in water.Ethene is only slightly water-soluble because the weak dipole intermolecular attractions between nonpolar ethene molecules and polar water molecules are weaker than the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.Ethanol molecules are water soluble because they're polar, so they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules as they dissolve. These bears are like ethanol and ethene. The one on the left is ethanol because it's CLEARLY more polar. Again, notice how many different skills we used in this one question. We had to know how to: Calculate the number of moles of a gas that were produced by a reaction given the temperature, vapor pressure and volume (with vapor pressure calculated indirectly) Calculate the number of moles of a gas produced by a reaction taken to completion given the mass of the reactant Calculate percent yield of a reaction Calculate the equilibrium constant of a reaction at a given temperature Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams Determine bond angles Explain how polarity and intermolecular attraction would impact the outcome of a reaction and the states of its products You only have a short amount of time for each free-response question (around 20 minutes for the long ones and 10 for the short ones), so you need to have all the information you learned in the course pretty well-mastered if you want to earn the majority of these points! What Topics Does AP Chemistry Cover? The AP Chemistry course is structured around six main themes or â€Å"Big Ideas.† These Big Ideas encompass smaller, more specific themes that the College Board calls â€Å"Enduring Understandings.†I’ll list the Big Ideas and their corresponding Enduring Understandings in this section.I’ll also provide a more straightforward lists of relevant topics under each Big Idea with links to some notes. Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms. These atoms retain their identities in chemical reactions. Enduring Understanding 1.A: All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. EU 1.B: The atoms of each element have unique structures arising from interactions between electrons and nuclei. EU 1.C: Elements display periodicity in their properties when the elements are organized according to increasing atomic number. Periodicity is a useful principle for understanding properties and predicting trends in properties. EU 1.D: Atoms are so small that they are difficult to study directly; atomic models are constructed to explain experimental data on collections of atoms. EU 1.E: Atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. Content Areas: Chemical Foundations Units Scientific method Significant figures Basics of systematic problem-solving Organization/classification of matter Atomic structure and periodicity Electromagnetic radiation Max Planck and quantum theory Atomic spectrum Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy Bohr model Quantum mechanical model Quantum numbers and electron orbitals Coulomb’s Law Periodic trends Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Dalton’s atomic theory Millikan’s oil experiment Rutherford’s metal foil experiment Timeline of milestones in the history of chemistry Atomic structure Types of bonds Chemical formulas for molecules Organization of the periodic table Naming compounds Big Idea 2: Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them. EU 2.A: Matter can be described by its physical properties. The physical properties of a substance generally depend on the spacing between the particles (atoms, molecules, ions) that make up the substance and the forces of attraction among them. EU 2.B: Forces of attraction between particles (including the noble gases and also different parts of some large molecules) are important in determining many macroscopic properties of a substance, including how the observable physical state changes with temperature. EU 2.C: The strong electrostatic forces of attraction holding atoms together in a unit are called chemical bonds. EU 2.D: The type of bonding in the solid state can be deduced from the properties of the solid state. Content Areas: Bonding Types of chemical bonds Electronegativity Bond polarity and dipole moments Ions: size and electron configuration London dispersion forces Lewis structures VSEPR Model Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Liquids and Solids Intermolecular forces The liquid state Structures and types of solids Structure and bonding in metals Vapor pressure and state changes Phase diagrams Gases Pressure Gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro Ideal gas law Gas stoichiometry Dalton’s law Kinetic Molecular Theory Effusion/diffusion van der Waal’s equation Atmospheric chemistry Gas law practice problems Big Idea 3: Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. EU 3.A: Chemical changes are represented by a balanced chemical equation that identifies the ratios with which reactants react and products form. EU 3.B: Chemical reactions can be classified by considering what the reactants are, what the products are, or how they change from one into the other. Classes of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction reactions. EU 3.C: Chemical and physical transformations may be observed in several ways and typically involve a change in energy. Content Areas: Stoichiometry Atomic and molar mass Percent composition of compounds and determining formulas for compounds Structure of chemical equations Balancing chemical equations Limiting reactant problems Percent yield Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry All about water Aqueous solutions and electrolytes Types of reactions (precipitation, acid-base, oxidation-reduction) Half-cell reactions Salts in solution Redox reactions tips and practice problems Big Idea 4: Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. EU 4.A: Reaction rates that depend on temperature and other environmental factors are determined by measuring changes in concentrations of reactants or products over time. EU 4.B: Elementary reactions are mediated by collisions between molecules. Only collisions having sufficient energy and proper relative orientation of reactants lead to products. EU 4.C: Many reactions proceed via a series of elementary reactions. EU 4.D: Reaction rates may be increased by the presence of a catalyst. Content Areas: Chemical Kinetics Reaction rates Rate laws Reaction mechanisms Catalysis Big Idea 5: The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. EU 5.A: Two systems with different temperatures that are in thermal contact will exchange energy. The quantity of thermal energy transferred from one system to another. EU 5.B: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed from one form to another. EU 5.C: Breaking bonds requires energy, and making bonds releases energy. EU 5.D: Electrostatic forces exist between molecules as well as between atoms or ions, and breaking the resultant intermolecular attractions requires energy. EU 5.E: Chemical or physical processes are driven by a decrease in enthalpy or an increase in entropy, or both. Content Areas: Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium conditions Equilibrium constants Solving equilibrium problems Le Chatelier’s principle Thermochemistry All about energy Enthalpy and calorimetry Hess’s Law Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy Gibbs Free energy (G) Entropy changes in chemical reactions Free energy and chemical reactions Free energy ...and pressure ...and equilibrium ...and work The Nucleus Nuclear stability and radioactive decay Kinetics of radioactive decay Nuclear transformations Thermodynamic stability of the nucleus Nuclear fission and fusion Big Idea 6: Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations. EU 6.A: Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic, reversible state in which rates of opposing processes are equal. EU 6.B: Systems at equilibrium are responsive to external perturbations, with the response leading to a change in the composition of the system. EU 6.C: Chemical equilibrium plays an important role in acid-base chemistry and in solubility. EU 6.D: The equilibrium constant is related to temperature and the difference in Gibbs free energy between reactants and products. Content Areas: Properties of Solutions Solution composition Factors affecting solubility Vapor pressure of solutions Boiling point and freezing point variation Osmotic pressure Colloids Solubility and complex ion equilibria Solubility and solubility products Common Ion effects Precipitation Acids and Bases The pH scale Calculating pH Acid-base properties of salts and oxides Calculating acid strength Lewis Acid-Base Model Solving acid-base problems Acid-Base equilibria Buffered solutions Titration Acid-base indicators Tips for AP Chemistry Review Tip #1: Start From the Beginning Get your fundamentals straight before you try to do more complicated problems.On many AP Chemistry questions, you have to integrate a few pieces of essential knowledge and apply them to a given scenario.If you’re shaky on the foundational concept, you won’t be able to get to the correct answer.When you start studying, fill the gaps in your knowledge from earlier in the course first. Tip #2: Redo Problems You Didn’t Get the First Time If you can’t figure out a problem and have to look up the solution, don’t just read over what you were supposed to do and leave it at that.Review the steps you should have taken to get the correct answer, and then, without looking at them, try to resolve the problem. Learning by doing is very important in chemistry.Make sure you know why you’re solving the problem a certain way.You should also reinforce your knowledge by going through other similar problems. Tip #3: Do Lots of Free-Response Questions You might be tempted to stick with practicing multiple-choice questions because you can do a lot of them quickly and feel like you’ve made significant progress.However, it’s extremely important not to ignore the free-response section of the test in your studying if you want to do well.Free-response questions are a bigger challenge to your chemistry knowledge because you have to come up with the answers independently.Practicing themwill help you do better on the test as a whole.If you can answer free-response questions correctly on a consistent basis, that means you really know your stuff! This is what's gonna happen if you don't practice free-response questions! How to Review for AP Chemistry Your AP Chemistry review should revolve around detecting your areas of weakness and practicing relevant problems.Here are the steps you might go through: Step 1: Take and Score a Practice Test The first thing you should do is take a full practice test to assess how well you know the material.It’s more efficient just to study the concepts that you’re still shaky on rather than going back through all your notes for the course.Make sure you take the test with the same time constraints as the real exam, and don’t use a calculator on the multiple-choice questions. You should also circle any questions where you feel even a little unsure of the correct answer.You need to go over those concepts even if you end up getting the question right so you can be as comfortable as possible with all the content. When you’re done with the test, you can score it and set a goal for how much you want to improve. Step 2: Categorize Your Mistakes (and Any Other Questions That You Were Unsure About) Now that you’ve scored your test, go through your mistakes and lucky guesses, and sort them by topic area.This is the best way to get a clear picture of where you have the most significant issues with the content.Your list of mistakes will inform the rest of your review.I’d also recommend redoing problems that you missed to see if you can get to the correct answer. Step 3: Review Relevant Content If there was any essential background information on the test that you forgot, start by reviewing that content.The information that you learned in the first couple months of the course serves as a foundation for the rest of the class.After you feel confident with the basics, you can move onto studying higher-level topics. You might review your notes on how to solve certain types of problems or look back at the information in your textbook.You can also use an AP review book to study.Sometimes this is a better option because review books are specifically tailored to the test. Step 4: Do Practice Problems Reviewing content isn’t enough in chemistry. You need to know how to apply your knowledge to unfamiliar experimental scenarios on the test.Spend some time doing practice problems that pertain to each of your areas of weakness until you feel more comfortable with the subject matter. Step 5: Take Another Practice Test to See If You’ve Improved After you finish doing practice problems, try out your new skills on another practice test. You can score the new test and see whether you’re satisfied with your new (and hopefully improved) scores.You always have the option of repeating this process if there’s still room for growth.If you don’t see much improvement, you may have to go back and reevaluate your study methods. If there are some concepts that you’re having a really hard time wrapping your head around, I’d encourage you to ask your teacher or one of your classmates to help you understand the material better.Sometimes, if you can’t figure something out yourself, an alternative explanation is what you need for it to click. Here’s an approximate time breakdown for all of these steps: Take and score a practice test: 4 hours Categorize your mistakes: 1 hour Review content: 2 hours Do practice problems: 2 hours Take a second practice test: 4 hours Total time for one cycle: 13 hours Now it's time to set off on your own personal review journey. Good luck out there. No, I don't know why someone sculpted a ceramic frog with a rolling suitcase, but I have to assume that their life is much more interesting than mine. Conclusion The AP Chemistry exam covers a challenging set of concepts that require skills in math, factual recall, and analytical thinking. It's also one of the longest AP tests, lasting three hours and 15 minutes total. To recap, the types of questions on the test include: 60 multiple-choice questions (90 minutes) Seven free-response questions (105 minutes) made up of Three long response (10 points each) Four short response(four points each) AP Chemistry covers six main themes that encompass many more specific topics. These themes or "Big Ideas" are: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms. These atoms retain their identities in chemical reactions. Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the forces between them. Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations. Some study tips that I would recommend implementing as you prepare for the exam include: Start with the basics Redo problems that you miss Practice free-response questions regularly When you study, you follow these steps for the best results: Take and score a practice test Categorize your mistakes Review content Do practice problems Take a second practice test If you keep up with your classwork throughout the year and adhere to the advice in this article, you'll have no problem doing well on the AP test! What's Next? If you're thinking about buying a review book to supplement your in-class notes, check out my list of the best AP Chemistry review books. Still planning out your schedule for the rest of high school? Read this guide for advice on which AP classes you should take based on your academic interests. Are you considering taking an online AP class that your high school doesn't offer? Learn more about online AP classes and whether they're worth it for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The human body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

The human body - Essay Example Brain, nerves & spinal cord. Functions to provide strength and connections to move the arm or leg or to make the facial expressions. Muscles cover almost every bone of the body except fingers and teeth and skull. It also help in Maintaining posture & generate heat by shivering. Pumps blood to each part of the body. Takes oxygen from the lungs and transports it to the each part of the body and carry carbon dioxide that is released through respiration. Heart, veins and arteries. Skin has millions of sensory nerves that send information to the brain; the information regarding the environment, temperature, etc. If the brain senses that the temperature is a bit higher than the body temperature, brain sends signal to the sweat gland to open and cool the body. In some cases, the brain sends signal to the muscles connected to skin hair to contract or expand according to the environment or other condition. At 25 years the body functions seem to be efficiently functional. On the other hand considering the daily working of the 25 year person is moving door to door to distribute the leaflets and take part in the other programs as organized by the charity. The muscles (muscular system) in the body particularly the leg muscles require much oxygenated blood in order to work efficiently. The oxygenated blood is transported by the cardiovascular system and the heart pumps the blood as faster as the oxygen is required. Oxygen is supplied through the respiratory system. The respiratory system fills the blood with oxygen. It is common fact that the respiratory system and cardiovascular system synchronize in a proper manner. The rate of respiration increases as the demand for oxygen increases. On the other hand, as the muscular system uses more oxygen it produces more carbon-dioxide that is also released through respiratory process. All these functions are controlled by the brain that informs the heats to pump faster

Ethics and Performance Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics and Performance Measures - Research Paper Example It is imperative to measure the extent to which ethics are applied, so that the company becomes resourceful to employees and the community at large. By doing so, it win the trust of consumers, as well as gaining more profits for the organization. When a company manages to have a greater profit margin, it has a better opportunity to expand and offer more opportunities for employees. The vices that are taken for granted in the company are the ones that draw back the efforts in the organization (Shell, 2009). Unethical Behavior As A Result of Wrong Performance Measures There are many things which lead to the unethical behaviors in an organization. There is a need for constant checking of the manner in which employees conduct themselves because, if they are left on their own, they end up making mistakes due to peer influence or greed. In Sparkling Automotive Company, the presidents need to ensure that there is the measurement of ethics and behaviors of the employees because failure to ch eck on the behaviors can ruin a business that has been operational since 1930. The fact that there are no unethical behaviors exhibited by the employees does not mean that the employees are trustworthy (Arveson, 2002). Most of the employees harbor bad intentions or they get influenced by corrupt distributors or suppliers who access commodity from the company in wholesale. They may offers bribes to the respective employees for some under movements which will cause the company a lot of money. This ends up making the company undergo loss because the workers will out any money to be paid. Competitors use the gullible employees to carry out destructive missions, such as pirating the procedures used in manufacturing of the plugs; they result in production of counterfeit products which affect the results in the markets. Many workers who do not keep the secrets of the company line of production cause a dent to the company because they create unnecessary fracture to the production niche. Whe n counterfeit products are in surplus in the market, it takes the market a hard time to realize, hence, it affects the turnover of the company (Arveson, 2002). Corrupt means of cost cutting in the company where the heads of the organization acquire bribe to give tenders affect the image of the company. All this needs to be checked because neglecting such issues only worsens the situation in the organization of Sparkling Automotive Company (SAC) (Shell, 2009). When performance measures are tied to compensations, it creates a workforce that is driven by the need to create more resources for the company. This propagates the encouragement of unethical behaviors due to compromised honesty. In Sparkling Automotive Company, performance measures fall into four categories, which are customer perspective, financial perspective, internal process perspective, and learning and growth perspective. All these categories need to be acted upon for the company to flourish in its manufacturing and sale s of plugs in Sparkling Automotive Company. When all levels of employees in the company are not involved in the company activities pertaining production and selling of the plugs, there would be a lot of frauds that can choke the running of the organization. Delivering the plugs can counter a lot of hiccups which slow the

Management of a Care Facility

Management of a Care Facility Introduction Managers are tasked to create their organisation’s vision in such a way that it will aide in assuring future stability. This academic paper will discuss how an organisation’s vision is created, communicated and implemented and how this vision will pave the way for conceptualizing its strategic direction in a chosen residential home. The residential home care that was discussed in this paper is a home care that provides older adult services to about 60-70 residents with various geriatric needs. The residential home care is divided into units depending on the needs assessments made on each resident during their admission. There are about four nearby residential home cares providing the same services. The home care is the newest of the four and is gradually gaining recognition within the serviceable area. In its everyday operations, bulk of the employees consists of nurses and health care aides. Major problems faced by the organisation are the shortage of nursing staff along with the need to expand the business due to increase influx of clients being admitted. The vision and its stakeholders An organisational vision is a statement of what the organisation wants to do and hopes to become in the future (Nagelkerk, 2005). In creating a vision, it must first be congruent with mission and philosophy of the organisation and anchored on shared values and beliefs (Polifko-Harris, 2005). At the same time, the vision must be dynamic and motivational to its stakeholders because the vision is said to be meaningful only to those who are involved in its creation (Roussel, 2011; Thamm, 2011; Allen, 2007) A stakeholder is a person or a group that takes strong interest on organisation (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). In health care industries such as the residential home care, the stakeholders include the patients or clients, nurses, medical practitioners, insurers, administrators, and accrediting bodies (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). In vision planning, consideration of the stakeholders and fostering a good relationship with them are very crucial as their involvement and engagement in the organisation can bring the vision into reality (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013; Malloch and Porter-O’Grady, 2010). They must be adequately represented as they are expected to support management initiatives and perform certain roles for fulfilling organisational success (Gantz, 2010; Harris et al, 2010). As Sare and Ogilvie (2010) say, nursing is a people-centered profession and thrives in involvement. The more we get to involve people to share in the organisational vision, there is higher likelihood that the visi on will be put to reality. Oftentimes, it is heard that only those in the middle and upper management make decisions and policies for the organisation. However, it is not only them who must be involved in creating the vision. In the chosen health care setting, the stakeholders include the elderly residents and their families, the nursing personnel and other employees, unit managers and supervisors and the board of directors. Feedbacks and perceptions of service users are crucial in service improvements. Thus, satisfaction of the elderly residents and their families must be solicited from them. Moreover, the people working for the company especially the nursing staff who provide direct nursing care must be considered. Nurse leaders need to make the employees committed to the organisation and gain ownership of its goals and objectives so that the vision can be brought to reality (McIntyre and McDonald, 2013). Nurses who are motivated and satisfied in their work are more likely to perform better that contribute t o better patient outcomes (Potter et al, 2014). As mentioned, the home care is now facing a shortage of nursing staff which can affect their level of dedication and work quality (McGilton et al, 2013; Peng et al, 2013). This should be one of the things that must be considered if the management would want to make the nursing staff form a sense of ownership of the vision. Factors that may impact the organisational vision Aside from the stakeholders, there are influential factors that must be paid attention to if the organisation is to create a feasible vision. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be assessed using SWOT analysis (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). These factors that need consideration include the areas of operation, finances, competition, changing needs of clients, technological advances, changing political climate, market conditions, economy, competition, current trends and issues in healthcare (Nagelkerk, 2005). Organisational vision and strategic decision In consideration of the characteristics of the residential home care, its stakeholders and other environmental factors, the created vision is written below: â€Å"Our vision is to be the foremost residential home care for older adults in the community that promotes independence and higher quality of life through excellent and safe nursing care. The next step would be to create the strategic direction for the organisation. In the strategic management process, the strategic direction is the long term goals and objectives of the organisation that outlines the purposes of the organisation and its operational scope (Enz, 2009). It must be anchored on the organisation’s mission and vision statements (Enz, 2009). In consideration of the strategic direction, the organisational competencies will be assessed together with surrounding environmental factors (Wilson, 2005). In developing the strategic direction, answers to the following questions will be sought with the help of the management and key stakeholders: 1) What are the expertise of the home care?; 2) What kind of home care will it be in three or five years?; 3) What type of population will we be serving?; 4) What additional functions or services are we going to provide given the evolving market?; 5) What are the technology requirements given the evolving market?; and 6 ) What changes are taking place in the internal and external market that will affect the home care? (Paley, 1999). Communicating the vision One of the qualities of a highly effective leader is the ability to make the people involved in the organisation understand and remain committed to the vision (Gill, 2011). Continuous and sustainable communication of the vision enables members to be clearly informed of the current status of the organisation and its future directions (Gill, 2011). When properly communicated, shared vision prospers and stakeholders will most likely understand their roles and responsibilities in realising the vision inspite of uncertainties and problems along the way (Papp, 2001). The created vision will be communicated by: 1) finding key persons who will motivate others to listen and be engaged in the vision; 2) setting-up a formal communication team who will disseminate the new vision through advertisements and staff education; 3) including the vision in marketing ads of the home care; 4) place posters containing the vision in strategic locations within the organisation; 5) spark conversations among p eople around about the new vision; 6) create activities such as contests that are themed based on the vision; 7) get other’s feedback and perception of the new vision through personal interviews and group discussions; and 8) use social media and other information-dissemination technology that will keep others informed and reminded of the vision (Center for Creative Leadership, Cartwright and Baldwin, 2011). Right leadership for vision sharing For the organisation to see the fulfillment of its vision, everyone with vested interest in it must work collectively through appropriate leadership and management behaviours. Making everybody feel that they own and share a common vision is a major focus of transformational leadership. According to Bass and Riggio (2006), leaders must appeal to the followers’ sense of self-worth to ensure their commitment and involvement in the entire efforts and activities of the organisation. Transformational leaders motivate their followers to always put their best in what they do, empower them by making them involved in crucial organisational activities, and allow them to expand their potentials and abilities (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Followers are able also to develop a strong sense of identification with the organisation that moves them to working and thinking not just to suffice their self-interests (Hutchinson and Jackson, 2012).In nursing, transformational leadership has been seen as a model of leadership that is enabling, empowering and suitable for nurses to remain committed to excellent and safe care practises (Lievens and Vlerick, 2014; Ross et al, 2014; Schwartz et al, 2011). To embed the vision to the followers, the leaders must employ the four components of transformational leadership. These are idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Doody and Doody, 2012; Schwartz et al, 2011). In idealised influence, the leader must be seen by the followers as a role model (Doody and Doody, 2012). The manager of the home care must set an example by ensuring that all personal actions are in accordance with the vision. They must be the frontline communicator of the vision to the staff and be the first person to act when everyone is having difficulty fulfilling the vision (Doody and Doody, 2012). Inspirational motivation must also be applied by encouraging followers to always work to achieve organisational goals and objectives while at the same time achieving their own goals (Bally, 2007). Allowing members to participate in decision and policy-making exemplifies intellectual stimulation (Schwartz et al, 2011) . For example, the nursing staff can be involved in projects and programmes that will be launched to achieve the vision and strategic direction of the home care. Lastly, leaders in the home care must be open to the individual needs of the followers by supporting them in their actions, giving them recognition for their efforts and allowing them to achieve professional growth (Schwartz et al, 2011). Rewards and incentives can be given to those staff who exceptionally performed to achieve the goals set by the home care. They may also be given opportunities for further trainings and in-service education to make them more competent. In turn, these activities can bring about better services and improved patient outcomes. Organisational objectives Organisational objectives are the prescribed actions that will be used to achieve and evaluate organisational goals (Kelly, 2011). Based on the vision, the following are the organisational objectives: Our residential home care aims to: Deliver client-centered and holistic care to our residents Create a therapeutic environment for our clients Provide compassionate, ethical, safe, caring and dependable nursing services Commit ourselves to quality improvement and safety standards Increase the services we provide based on our clients’ changing needs Put the organisation and clients’ needs first before our own interests Respect, value and empower people within the organisation Support individual growth and opportunities Increase stakeholders’ satisfaction Move for organisational stability and viability Strategic planning process Strategic planning is the process of setting the future direction of the organisation through alignment of its mission and vision with its actions to achieve the desired outcomes (Feldman and Alexander, 2012). The strategic planning process that will be done follows Odiorne’s recommendations (as cited in Swansburg, 1996): Gap analysis. This involves identification of the problems of the organisation in order to determine what the organisation wants to do about it in the future. Examining extrinsic factors. Assess outside influences that contribute to the problems identified. Enumerate the critical issues. From a pool of problems identified, select the most pressing issues and those which more likely create a high-impact on the organisation. Ranking the important. Plan according to the most important issues for the organisation. Decide. Decide on the issues by involving all key stakeholders. Time and resource planning. Construct a time frame as to when the objectives should be met. This will also include identifying who will be responsible and the resources that will be needed. Summary and Conclusion Managing an organisation is never an easy task. It gets more difficult as the organisation becomes more complex and the needs of stakeholders continue to rise. Nurse managers and leaders must be able to consider all factors inside and outside of the organisation and every individual who has an interest to it. Leaders and managers must craft a well-defined and shared vision to make everyone involved in the organisation to remain committed and motivated towards fulfilling it. Such work will entail the need to adopt transformational leadership through idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. With the new vision, it is likewise necessary to craft the strategic direction and objectives of the organisation. In doing so, leader-managers must be able to align these to the vision, mission, philosophy, and values of the organisation. When all of these are in place, the organisation can now move to making a strategic plan for the entire organisation.

Research And Ethics Essay

Conducting a qualitative research is not an easy task. Aside from considerations regarding gathering data, looking up literature and other sources related to the study, and such, researchers engaged in qualitative studies should also consider ethical issues in order to provide results that are not only reliable and valid but also acceptable in terms of morality and standard principles. For qualitative researches to exhibit the qualities of ethically accepted studies, they should comply with certain principles and guidelines. These principles and guidelines include simple yet socially acceptable rules such as respecting the rights and human dignity of other people, providing research results that are highly beneficial and contributive, adhering to fairness and equality, and presenting the truth and nothing but the truth. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) One specific ethical issue in qualitative research is exploitation. This is a highly significant matter because it is related to the researcher’s relationship to the participants. Researchers should always respect participants avoiding exploitation, such that researchers do not impose power over them. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) For instance, a researcher takes advantage of the vulnerability of child or female participants by imposing power and authority and drawing from them personal and sensitive information that violates the privacy of human beings. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) Exploitation does not meet the responsibility of researchers over the security and welfare of the participants. Personal and sensitive information that will be presented in the research obtained from exploitation will not make the research study ethically or morally acceptable, annulling its reliability and validity as a research case. (Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research, 2008) Another ethical issue is the researcher’s responsibility to inform participants of the true nature of the research. This is based on the founding principles of qualitative research which states that the researcher should always protect participants from harm. Researchers should be able to inform participants of events that will follow the research process, such as the processes, operations, requirements, and such, in order for both the participants and the researcher to become aware of possible risks or threats. Considering the health of a participant is one possible consideration. For instance, the research study focuses on the effect of food to mood or emotions. The participant should be informed of the process, as a standard operating procedure, in order to determine problems, such as food allergies, and such. In addition, researchers should also obtain consent from participants before continuing the operation of the research process. This is one of the major responsibilities of the researcher as an advocate for human rights and dignity in terms of personal safety and wellbeing. In doing so, harm and catastrophes will be avoided. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) The third ethical issue concerning qualitative research is misrepresentations of information covered by the research study. Opportunities for misrepresentations will not make the research study valid and reliable, simply because its content is open to many interpretations and points of view. The purpose of the research process is to provide information that is clear and direct, stating facts that represent the preciseness of data. Misrepresentation defeats this purpose. This violates ethical standards and guidelines because misrepresentations hold risks and threats, especially if data or information is interpreted in the wrong way. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) Imagine a research study focusing on health practices that will protect the safety and wellbeing of the patients. Suppose the research study concludes with suggestions that will assist health care professionals in caring for their patients. If the information is interpreted wrongly, health care professionals might commit mistakes that will endanger the lives of their patients. Abiding by ethical issues and considerations, when conducting qualitative research, is highly important. Following ethics in qualitative research determines the nature and quality of the results and the research itself – whether it is acceptable, conducted in good faith, and is beneficial to the public. Researcher should always keep in mind that they are highly responsible for the results, whether desirable or undesirable, that might arise from the research study. Therefore, following ethical standards and guidelines is a must in order to go about the research process in a correct, accurate, and appropriate way. Resources Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research. (2008). Retrieved October 18, 2008, from SA Health Info. Website: http://www. sahealthinfo. org/ethics/ethicsqualitative. htm Gonzales-Perez, M. A. (2007). Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from The Community Knowledge Initiative. Website: http://www. nuigalwaycki. ie/admin/documents/Ethical_Issues. pdf

The Do This, Get That Guide On Ways to Conclude an Essay Samples

The Do This, Get That Guide On Ways to Conclude an Essay Samples If you would like to prevent difficult argumentative essay topics, you can locate some amazing ideas on this blog. Some essays may just speak about similarities, though others might only speak about differences. These seven sample essays respond to a range of thought-provoking questions. A self-introduction essay is, in most situations, written employing the first-person standpoint. You will need to supply your reader the last comment about the whole topic you've been discussing. There are various ways to grab a reader. Just continue your introduction short and easy. You might also use a quotation from a renowned writer to be able to amplify your ideas and earn a reader contemplate on how to handle the issue from his standpoint. Getting the Best Ways to Conclude an Essay Samples Writing conclusions is reasonably simple, what you are just doing is reiterating the principal ideas. The major idea should stay precisely the same during the full paper. Banning smoking isn't a good idea. Use statistics and intriguing facts to start your paper. You will likely not have a lot of time remaining whenever you are writing your conclusion so it's essential that you practice them and learn to write them quickly. You can produce your essay beautiful by giving thought to some things. As soon as an essay doesn't have a reason to it, odds are that nobody will focus on your work. Leave all of your essay writing hassles to us and relish your time. You should begin telling personal things. Whether there are lots of mistakes in your essay, it can't be pretty. For writing any form of assignment, the first most difficult issue is searching an excellent topic. Starting off big can also provide your readers a great deal of big expectations from your composition. The essay will initially discuss how everyday competencies benefit people later in life and speak about the hazards of not being taught how to control money for a young age. You should have a mindset that you don't have any other means of winning your reader's interest but through your introduction. From 1 side, it may seem that there's nothing simpler than writing about yourself. Apart from the simple fact that writing personal experiences are rather simple to write, it's also a method of building connections and relations with your readers. A complete scholarship paper should end precisely the same way it starts. Ending an essay with similar scenario might help to demonstrate your point and make a better understanding. The approach you take to compose the essay conclusion, and that of the entire paper largely is dependent upon the sort of essay. Understanding how to compose the ideal scholarship essay conclusion is a substantial portion of your upcoming success. Have a look at our article on the most frequently made mistakes in college essays for more tips to make sure your essay reads well. You'll observe a similar structure in a number of the essays. For instance, a why us essay might chat about how very interesting XYZ interdisciplinary project is and the way it fits nicely with your senior project. Because the college essay isn't the very same type of essay that you write for your high school English teacher, it doesn't need to have the standard essay introduction, which delivers a thesis statement. There are different kinds of essay, and the type of the necessary conclusion differs as well. You may want to amplify the major point of an essay or place it in a different perspective for setting a bigger context. You also ought to restate the thesis and bring your principal concept to the stage. While writing down your essay conclusion, there are particular things that one has to consider.

Drinking and Driving Essay - 1487 Words

â€Å"Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable† says David J. Hanson, a drunken driving activist. Drinking and driving is a serious crime in all fifty states. The rules and laws may vary among the states. In Illinois, it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) or .08 percent or more. A driver also can be convicted of DUI with a BAC of more than .05 if additional evidence is present (DUI Laws par. 1). According to the Nation Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes cost more than thirty-seven billion dollars annually and in 2010, more than ten thousand people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes - one every fifty-one†¦show more content†¦This test is also an indirect measurement of BAC through an estimate of the amount of alcohol is the urine that is used to determine the overall BAC. A blood analysis is a sample of blood, drawn from the subject t o directly determine the blood alcohol concentration in the body. Although the amount of alcohol is at its highest level about an hour after drinking, alcohol is quickly absorbed into the blood and can easily be measured through a blood sample (DUI Refusal par. 2). In Illinois, before a driver can receive their license, they have to sign to implied consent. The implied consent law says that if a driver is lawfully arrested by an officer who has a probable cause to believe that he or she has been driving under the influence, that he or she consents to taking a chemical test of your blood, breath, or urine for the purposes of determining your blood alcohol content. A driver does not have the right to speak to an attorney before he or she is tested, and the test much be given as soon as possible from the time when he or she was last driving. Although the arresting officer gets to choose which test the driver takes, the driver has the option to get additional tests afterward taken by a medical professional of his or her choice (DUI Refusal par. 1). A driver’s license suspension is a temporary loss of driving privileges for a specific length of time. Suspended drivers must comply with all requirementShow MoreRelatedDrinking, Driving And Driving2032 Words   |  9 Pages Drinking and Driving While I was researching about Drinking and Driving, I found a few articles that show the reader complete information about the risk that represent Driving under the influence of the alcohol. Those articles discuss the results of driving while being drunk. One of the results can be going to jail; however, I believe that going to jail is one of the softest consequences that an individual can have for drinking and driving. I also found a good article that shows why people areRead MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreDrinking And Driving801 Words   |  4 PagesWe have all had some kind of knowledge or even personal experience with the effects of drinking and driving, whether it is watching a report on the news, having friends or family being involved as a victim or offender, to even being a victim or offender yourself. The aftermath of drinking and driving, even if only a few drinks were consumed, is a tragedy for all persons involved. The current rational of just having a few drinks is that consuming only a little alcohol means that the person isn’t intoxicatedRead MoreDrinking and Driving886 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone is drinking and having a good time. Your are going to leave and go home, but you friends wont let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they ca ll a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becomming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalites t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be veryRead MoreDrinking And Driving1180 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking and driving is not always a right thing. When people drink and drive the action of it could get extremely dangerous. Wrecks are one of the main problems that can happen when some people are drunk because some can lose control of what they are trying to do and end up wrecking. Another problem is driving under the influence of being on drugs. This can cause serious damage. When people are on drugs, they lose train of thought and half of the time, they forget what they are doing. It does notRead MoreDrinking and Driving2157 Words   |  9 Pagesanti-drinking and driving advertisements on university-aged students. â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 16 to 25 year olds, and alcohol and/or drugs are a factor in 55% of those crashes† (Madd, 2013). Increasing the effectiveness of anti-drinking and driving advertisements could be a solution to this critically high m ortality rate in young people. The main purpose of this study is to better understand the effect of positive and negative anti-drinking and driving advertisementsRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words   |  4 Pages*date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schools todayRead MoreDrinking And Driving Is Dangerous1690 Words   |  7 PagesDrinking and Driving is Very Deadly It is very disappointing to see people drinking and driving these days. Have you ever known someone who was injured or have you lost someone so close to you and the cause of his or her death was drinking and driving? It is tragic to see the families who suffer because of injury or the loss of their loved ones because of alcohol. More and more accidents are occurring because of drinking and driving. These accidents often result in injuries and/or death. ForRead MoreThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1608 Words   |  7 PagesI am only going to focus on one major one. Drinking and driving, the percentage of teens in high school who drink and drive has decreased by more than half since 1991 (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). One in ten high schoolers drink and drive (â€Å"Teen Drinking and Driving†). Young drivers (ages 16-20) are 17 times more likely to die in a crash when they have a blood alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking ( "Teen Drinking and Driving†). Adults and teenagers think it okay to stillRead MoreThe Dangers Of Drinking And Driving1624 Words   |  7 PagesI think drinking and driving is terrible because of how many accidents there are and because there are so many people getting away with drinking and driving these days. Driving while under the influence is bad because there are so many wrecks while driving drunk. The risk of people driving drunk has increased over the years because cops have started to slow down on catching people that are driving under the influence. We are all at risk to drive under the influence but most of us decide not to because